Organizational strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Authoritative system - Essay Example The evaluation in this talks about three key parts of GE with use of the scholarly valuation models. The regions talked about include: Core abilities and capacities evaluation Real choices to improve business execution appraisal Strategic Options Available For GE Each segment will be created including basic examination of GE concerning the appraisal instruments followed by end. Center COMPETENCY Assessment f business on street of accomplishment with upper hand from 1980s to 1990s has moved in from ability to engage business layers to creating, abusing and fortifying center competency of business. De Saa?- Pe?rez and Garca-Falco?n, (2002) set up that lone assets and capacities changed into center competency can create business upper hand (De Wit, and Meyer, 2004). Consequently, in accordance with significance expressed for center competency, the segment creates appraisal for the center competency of General Electric. Center COMPETENCY Selznick (1957) first presented the idea of center competency as capability with unique excellence for delineating corporate favorable position in different exercises (Barney, and Hesterly, 2008). The key point of view of center competency was advanced by Hamal and Prahalad (1990). ... xpertise with more current territories in a way more strangely than routine structure (Cravens, and Piercy, 2008) TESTS FOR CORE COMPETENCY Firms to hold their upper hand must have particular competency that gives business separate situations as against contenders. The least difficult test for competency to be center just as unmistakable one is center competency doesn't complete like physical resources (Grant, 2009). Rather center abilities increment their solidarity to tie the organizations together. Hamal and Prahalad (1990) center fitness as abilities that must after three tests: Core competency must give business capacity to arrive at wide assortment of business sectors. Competency must breeze through the litmus assessment to increase the value of the apparent advantages by client through item. Association to depend on the competency as center competency must empower business to hold their unmistakable situation in a manner that can't be imitated by contenders (Hamel, 1991; Praha lad, and Hamel, 1994). Asset based view additionally give a litmus test to key abilities to be viewed as center competency. Barney’s (1991) VRIN model is additionally stepped through examination for competency of an association to be viewed as center competency (Gamble, and Thompson, 2010). VRIN model, an abbreviation, expresses that center competency must be Valuable, Rare, In-imitable, Non-Substitutability to profit firm with upper hand over contenders (Fleischer, and Benoussan, 2003). GENERAL ELECTRIC’S CORE COMPETENCY General Electric (GE) under Jeff Immelt to situate GE for more grounded development wanted to reposition business with assets moved to regions that have more grounded development possibilities from business that have just experienced substantial juice extraction. To reinforce esteem based framework, Jeff Immet characterized Growth Platforms.

Microeconomics Monopoly and Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconomics Monopoly and Competition - Essay Example This can't be the situation in rivalry in light of the fact that serious markets numerous organizations produce separated items that can be substitutes to each. Given that they oversee huge piece of the pie without rivalry, restraining infrastructure firms charge generally significant expenses for their items contrasted with firms in a serious market. Concerning this, Simpson (2010) clarifies that organizations with syndication power limit the measure of yield that they produce so as to raise costs of that yield. They at that point set the costs dependent on their creation costs according to amount of yield. Without the nearness of close substitutes to their items and the significant expenses, restraining infrastructure firm can appreciate super-ordinary benefits which are augmented when the negligible expense of creation rises to peripheral income. The endeavors to execute their estimating arrangements, restraining infrastructures cause wasteful aspects in the market which remember decrease for buyer government assistance. The shopper government assistance delighted in through the costs in a serious market diminishes when the costs of syndications apply (Simpson, 2010). This is the thing that prompts dead weight which is shown in the diagram 1 underneath. In a serious market, the cost of items is at where the minimal cost (MC) equivalents to advertise value which compares to value P. in view of this value level, buyers in the serious market will appreciate a huge shopper government assistance which is speak to by region EBF in the chart. Monopolist should then set their costs where benefits are greatest and that the point C in the diagram where negligible cost rises to minor income (MR). Be that as it may, monopolists will rather set their costs at a higher point dependent on the normal income (AR) which is appeared in the char t as point A which relates to value P1 higher than P which the opposition cost. The significant expenses set by syndication firms will at that point lessen the shopper government assistance and result in different wasteful aspects in the market. The purchaser which is spoken to by

Summative Coursework Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Summative Coursework Assignment - Essay Example Sound accounting standards (GAAP) is managing different bookkeeping standards and rules for undertaking the execution of bookkeeping rehearses. Yet, then again, money related bookkeeping is additionally significant for assessing the productivity of the business element. Bookkeeping is a framework utilized by the business substance to quantify its budgetary presentation. There are a few parts of bookkeeping are accessible, yet among them both administration and money related bookkeeping is pertinent. The fundamental accentuation in the board bookkeeping is to set up the connection among circumstances and logical results of a specific movement. Progressively finished, it is multi disciplinary in nature, since it is a blend of a few controls like budgetary bookkeeping, cost bookkeeping, insights, and so forth. For this situation, the net benefit of the organization is continues expanding, and yet, the money close by is diminishing to certain broaden. Money is a basic resource, which assumes a significant job in business. Income proclamation is an announcement demonstrating the adjustment in real money position starting with one period then onto the next. Since it is conceivable to distinguish the reasons for changes in real money balance between the two accounting report dates. While getting ready income proclamation fundamentally it is basic to consider both real incomes and notional incomes. Income Statement For the year finished 2002 Points of interest Sum (in m) Money utilized in activity. Issue of offers. Money produced Include: Opening money balance Money balance toward the end (1) 6 5 4 9 Count of Cash from activity Points of interest Sum (in m) Net benefit Include: arrangement for tax collection. Assets from activity. Include: decline in indebted individuals. Less: decline in leasers. Money utilized in activity. 4 6 10 8 18 (19) (1) Balanced Profit and Loss Account Points of interest Sum (in m) Points of interest Sum (in m) Arrangement for tax collection. Deterioration of FA (adjusting figure) Shutting balance 6 14 (6) Opening equalization Assets from activity. 4 10 14 14 Activities:- Here, there is no removal of benefits happens in the year 2001 and 2002, along these lines the distinction between the estimation of advantages in the two years are considered as the measure of devaluation, for example, [166_152] = 14m. Propose Dividend Account Points of interest Sum (in m) Points of interest Sum (in m) Money (profit paid) Shutting balance 7 9 Opening equalization. Equalization moved to Profit and misfortune account. 7 9 16 16 While setting up the income explanation of a business association, it is conceivable to comprehend about the reasons for changes in the income position of a specialty unit. Through which, it is conceivable to recognize that the decrease of money balance inspite of increment in salary or for increment of money balance regardless of decline in pay. This announcement comprises of opening money parity and all wellsprings of money and all uses of money and closures with the end equalization of money. Increasingly finished, here the adjustments in current resources and current liabilities are balanced in the measure of money from activity. It is vital for a firm to save satisfactory measure of money close by for making prompt installments. The significant obligation of the budgetary supervisor is to design money and keep up satisfactory money balance. An income explanation is considered as a summed up money account. Also,

Organic Food Inequity on University Campuses - Free Essay Example

Summary The demand for healthy food has become ever increasing on college campuses due to students focus on sustainability and the desire for improved health following a limited exposure to healthy foods after an upbringing of favorable eating habits. As college students undertake the responsibility of making their own food choices, the most common and pushed for program offered by universities is a meal plan. However, universities like the University of Arizona, that offer food from a variety of small restaurant options instead of the traditional cafeteria environment, lack in providing wholesome plant based meal options for its students. In addition to analyzing barriers to organic food supply in a cafeteria setting such as the one described above, this paper will propose long term solutions that can be adapted into the system in place. The study will focus on The University of Arizona and area surrounding Tucson, AZ where a sustainability initiative has propelled the university to identify and rectify unsustainable practices. Introduction The concepts of organic farming were first developed in the early 1900s yet demand for organic food did not increase until the 1960s when Rachel Carson brought attention to the fact that extensive use of insecticides resulted in negative impacts on the environment and human health. Through public demand, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) later added the National Organic Program (NOP) to regulate organic production. Consumers have various reasons for buying organic food, but due to decreasing environmental conditions and a worldwide focus on holistic sustainability measures, sustainable agriculture included, organic food is being demanded more than ever before. Addressing sustainability with a focus on agriculture is the next step for the University of Arizona. It is essential that permanent food options and long- lasting partnerships with farms practicing sustainable operations are established and maintained. Sustainable agriculture focuses on the use of techniques that create permanence. This means that soil fertility is maintained by the crops chosen, that renewable resources are given preference, that pollution is minimized if not eliminated, and that biological balance is cultivated (Balfour). Organic Food Trends and Perceptions Consumers often express that choice of eating organic food is a result of health reasons, food safety, environmental concerns, taste and nutrition, or a combination of some or all those reasons, yet in practice, there are other factors that alter a consumers buying behavior. Some trends that illustrate attitudes toward organic food include: A consumers intention to buy organic foods is best predicted by egoistic motives, not altruistic motives (Magnusson et al, 2003). If the consumer already knows that organic food is overall beneficial, but identifies a personal benefit such as improved health, then they are more likely to go out of their way to regularly consume organic products. There is a direct link between age and consumer preference. The younger the person, the increased the likelihood of them displaying a positive attitude towards organic foods (Magnusson et al, 2003). This is important because institutions like universities serve the post-millennial generation. Accessibility hinders an individuals ability to purchase according to their purchase criterion (Grankvist and Biel, 2001). In other words, an individual may feel very strongly about the environment and wish to support organic farms, but not be able to do so in practice. The reason is unclear if it is the presence of strong habits that overcome purchasing criterion. Studies have found that the belief that organic food products are viewed as expensive and therefore not purchased regularly is false. The correlation between income and organic food consumption is not very strong at all. Organic food consumption did increase, but only until income reached about A$35,000 per annum (Lockie et al, 2002). Lockie then goes to say that a third of low-income consumers, those earning less than $20,000 a year, still purchased organic foods due to interest in consuming them (Lockie et al, 2002). As formal education level increase so does organic food consumption. This is a result of a deeper understanding of food composition. For example, when consumers understand genetically engineered foods, they are more likely to refuse to buy them (Lockie et al, 2002). University students demonstrate a slight deviance from these trends due to situational conditions regarding cost and accessibility. For example, about half of students surveyed at Brescia University College were on some form of financial aid. Another 52 percent indicated living on campus and having a university meal plan (Hamilton and Sharareh, 2018). Students who have a limited income or whose food choice is limited are at a massive disadvantage especially because it is also noted that students in every area of study are knowledgeable in organic food and would be willing to pay the increased cost of eating organically if barriers to their eating behavior were not present (Hamilton and Sharareh, 2018). Another study concluded that university students primarily base their food- purchasing behavior on taste, followed by value for money, convenience, then cost (Tam et al, 2017). Respondents were then asked to recommend improvements to the campus food environment. The most popular sugges tions were that the university provide healthier food for a lower cost and more freshly cooked/prepared foods (Tam et al, 2017). This reinforces the fact that people between the ages of 18 to 24 see the value of eating more healthy and balanced meals. Food has a continuous context in societies, and at the heart of the issue is a consumers ethics and values. Buying behavior is all subjective, but trends can be analyzed to get a deeper understanding of how the food system should respond to the fact that more consumers wish to consume organic food products than ever before. Current Standing, Tucson, AZ The city of Tucson has struggled with increasing poverty and food insecurity for several years. Pima county had a poverty rate of 18.70 % in 2015 (See Fig.1). In addition, 19.20 % of households were recorded to be food insecure in 2013-2015 (See Fig.2). Of the population residing in Pima county 218,481 individuals had low access to a store in 2015. This is a 5.91% drop from 2010 (See Fig.3). In the year 2016, there is record of 27 farmers markets operating in the Pima county area. The composition of sold products is unknown (See Fig.4).Current Standing, The University of Arizona. The University of Arizona is considered a food desert. This means that access to affordable and fresh food is a major barrier to college students. There are a few programs available for students that help alleviate the problem. Programs Available to University of Arizona Students There are options available to University of Arizona students that aid in alleviating food insecurity and providing a healthy food option. Nrich Urban Market Nrich Urban Market has fresh juices, nut butters, produce and healthy products that are nutritious. All the products and foods are dietitian- approved. Nrich facilitates healthy snack options for students, as well as offers cooking classes that teach students how to eat healthy at home. UA Campus Pantry The UA campus pantry is open two days a week. Students simply need to show up with their CatCards and are able to grab four items of their choice at no cost to the student. Fresh produce may also be available as campus pantry is partnered with UA community garden. This provides students with the peace of mind that for two days out of the week they can count on having food, without the stress of cost. Market on the Move Food For All, a committee within Students for Sustainability (SFS) which leads sustainable policy efforts on campus, focuses on fighting food insecurity on campus and the surrounding Tucson area. Food For All is responsible for bringing Market on the Move, a 3,000 Club program, to the University of Arizonas farmers market. Market on the Move sells 60 lbs. of fresh produce for $10. They have agreed to work with the university in order to provide students with a cheap resource. The University of Arizona lacks whole food options, currently has no focus on providing organic food to students, and zero initiatives to establish a year-round site where students can obtain fresh groceries at a reasonable price. Working with the System in Place A Case Study, University of California Berkeley There are many universities that have expanded their food options for students, serving only fresh, local, and native food and food products. UC Berkeley has notable programs in place that focus on sustainable food, waste reduction, and gardens. The main focus of their cafeteria service is on plant- forward cooking. UC Berkeley uses ingredients that are sustainably sourced and communicates to consumers that the food served follows guidelines that promote: Transparency Freshness and Seasonality Small portions of meat And Whole Foods These principles have resulted in garden-to-table partnerships, place- based produce sourcing, and sustainably and ethically sourced animal products (CalDining). In 2006, UC Berkeley was the first to have a certification by California Certified Organic Farmers, making their salad bar the first organic- certified salad bar in the United States (Krupnick). The salad bar is located in some residential dining halls, providing a 100% organic food option for students on meal plans, as well as those paying meal to meal. UC Berkeley is taking steps to make organic food a primary option for its students. AASHE Stars Program Sustainability Tracking, Assessment Rating System (STARS) is a program of aashe that measures the sustainability performance of universities (). The most recent year The University of Arizona reported information was in 2017. This data will be analyzed to identify where improvements can be made. Sustainable Dining category. Score: 1.75 out of the 2.00 points The University of Arizona did not receive points for the following categories: Published sustainable dining policy Host low impact dining events Provide sustainability- themed meals Inform customers about low-impact food choices through signage Provide reusable or compostable containers and service ware for to go meals Other materials management initiatives to minimize waste Food and Beverage Purchasing. Score: 0.00 out of 6.00 points The University of Arizona did not receive points for the following categories: Local and community based or 3rd party verification Dining services minimize purchase of conventional animal products Strategies for Improvement UC Berkeley earned more points in both categories than the U of A. By observing what policies and practices Berkeley has implemented, successfully reducing food inequity resulting from use of organic food, policies can be proposed as to what the university of Arizona can do to increase the use of organic food while maintaining price low for students. Strategy 1: Propose a Vegan Dining Program Add an additional window to businesses like Cactus Grill, offering solely vegan and vegetarian options. Include 100 % organic products. Main Goal: Provide students with an option for them to use their meal plan on meals that are healthy. Students want to eat foods that are nutrient rich. This will eliminate one of the barriers students face and increasing organic food consumption. Strategy 2: Work with already established platforms to prioritize organic food sourcing By restructuring the contracts the university has with businesses, such as Core, Nrich Urban Market, and others, it will be able to smoothly transition into an all organically sourced student union. Main Goal: Ascertain that the food being served at the University of Arizona is of the highest nutritional value by using organic ingredients.

Milestones in Space Exploration

Even though space exploration has been a thing since the late 1950s, astronomers and astronauts continue to explore the firsts. For example, on February 6, 2018, Elon Musk and SpaceX launched the first Tesla into space. The company did this as part of the first test flight of its Falcon Heavy rocket.   Both SpaceX and rival company Blue Origins have been developing reusable rockets to lift people and payloads to space. Blue Origins made the first launch of a reusable on November 23, 2015. Since that time, reusables have proven themselves to be stalwart members of the launch inventory. In the not-too-distant future, other first-time space events will happen, ranging from missions to the Moon to missions to Mars.  Each time a mission flies, theres a first time for something. That was especially true back in the 1950s and 60s when the rush to the Moon was heating up between the United States and the then-Soviet Union. Ever since then, the space agencies of the world have been lofting people, animals, plants, and more into space. The First Canine Astronaut in Space Before people could go to space, space agencies tested animals. Monkeys, fish, and small animals were sent first. America had Ham the Chimp. Russia had the famous dog  Laika, the first canine astronaut. She was launched into space on the Sputnik 2 in 1957. She survived for a time in space. However, after a week, the air ran out and Laika died. The following year, as its orbit deteriorated, the craft left space and re-entered the Earths atmosphere and, without heat shields, burned up, along with Laikas body. The First Human in Space The flight of  Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the USSR, came as a complete surprise to the world, much to the pride and joy of the former Soviet Union. He was launched into space on April 12, 1961, aboard the Vostok 1. It was a short flight, only an hour and 45 minutes. During his single orbit of Earth,   Gagarin admired our planet and radioed home, It has a very beautiful sort of halo, a rainbow. The First American in Space Not to be outdone, the United States worked to get their astronaut into space. The first American to fly was Alan Shepard, and he took his ride aboard Mercury 3 on May 5, 1961. Unlike Gagarin, however, his craft did not achieve orbit. Instead, Shepard took a suborbital trip, rising to a height of 116 miles and traveling 303 miles down range before parachuting safely into the Atlantic Ocean. The First American to Orbit Earth NASA took its time with its manned space program, making baby steps along the way. For example, the first American to orbit Earth didnt fly until 1962. On February 20, the Friendship 7 capsule carried astronaut John Glenn around our planet three times on a five-hour space flight. He was the first American to orbit our planet and subsequently became the oldest person to fly in space when he roared to orbit aboard the space shuttle Discovery.   The First Womens Achievements in Space The early space programs were heavily male-oriented, and women were prevented from flying to space aboard U.S. missions until   1983. The honor of being the first woman to achieve orbit belongs to the Russian Valentina Tereshkova. She flew to space aboard Vostok  6  on June 16, 1963. Tereshkova was followed 19 years later by the second woman in space, aviator Svetlana Savitskaya, who blasted off to space aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982. At the time of Sally Rides trip aboard the U.S. space shuttle Challenger on June 18, 1983, she was also the youngest American to go to space. In 1993, Commander Eileen Collins became the first woman to fly a mission as pilot aboard the space shuttle Discovery. The First African-Americans in Space It took a long time for space to begin to integrate. Just as women had to wait a while to fly, so did qualified black astronauts. On August 30, 1983, the space shuttle Challenger lifted off with Guion Guy Bluford  Jr., who became the first African-American in space. Nine years later, Dr.  Mae Jemison lifted off in the space shuttle Endeavour on September 12, 1992. She became the first African-American woman astronaut to fly. The First Space Walks Once people get to space, they have to perform a variety of tasks onboard their craft. For some missions, space-walking is important, so both the U.S. and Soviet Union set out to train their astronauts in working outside the capsules. Alexei Leonov, a Soviet cosmonaut, was the first person to step outside of his spacecraft while in space, on March 18, 1965. He spent 12 minutes floating as far as 17.5 feet from his Voskhod 2 craft, enjoying the first spacewalk ever. Ed White made a 21-minute EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) during his Gemini 4 mission, becoming the first U.S. astronaut to float out the door of a spacecraft.   The First Human on the Moon Most people who were alive at the time remember where they were when they heard astronaut  Neil Armstrong  utter the famous words, Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. He, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins flew to the Moon on the Apollo 11 mission. He was the first to step out onto the lunar surface, on July 20, 1969. His crewmate, Buzz Aldrin, was the second one. Buzz now boasts of the event by telling people, I was the second man on the moon, Neil before me.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Essay on Women in Latin America - 1114 Words

Women in Latin America were expected to adhere to extreme cultural and social traditions and there were few women who managed to escape the burden of upholding these ridiculous duties, as clearly shown in â€Å"Chronicle of a Death Foretold†. First, Latin American women were expected to uphold their honor, as well as their familys honor, through maintaining virtue and purity; secondly, women were expected to be submissive to their parents and especially their husbands; and lastly, women were expected to remain excellent homemakers. One of the most prominent expectations of women in Latin America, and certainly the main idea surrounding â€Å"Chronicle of a Death Foretold†, is the idea that women should be pure, maintaining their virginity,†¦show more content†¦To further accentuate her deceitfulness, Angela dared put on a white dress and veil on her wedding day when those items were reserved solely for virgin brides. Just as Angela was not responsible for ch oosing her husband, she was also not responsible for restoring her and her familys honor. The burden landed on her twin brothers, the men of the family. Ironically enough, prior to Angelas parents accepting Bayardos efforts in pursuing their daughter, they were highly disapproving of a music box he left on their door step intended as a birthday gift for Angela. Angelas parents were so disapproving that they sent their twin sons to return the gift to Bayardo San Roman. Angela, among the majority of Latin American women, were not even allowed to accept gifts from a man who was not their husband or fiance in fear that it would seem as if dishonorable behavior was commencing. Secondly, women in Latin America- especially young women- were expected to be submissive to their husbands and to their parents. A prime example of the submissive nature women were expected to uphold is the fact that Angela was forced into a loveless marriage by her family and her suitor. From the moment Ba yardo San Roman saw Angela Vicario and said â€Å"When I wake up, remind me that I am going to marry her†, her fate had been sealed and she had no say in theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Women in Latin America during the Colonization995 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Latin America during the Colonization The perception of inequality was evident in the colonial Spanish America, man belief that women were lacked in capacity to reason as soundly as men. A normal day for European women in the new world was generally characterized by male domination, for example marriage was arranged by the fathers, women never go out except to go church, women didn’t have the right to express their opinions about politic or society issues. 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J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye Essay Example For Students

J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye Essay People who dare to make a unique stand, people who don’t fit into the social rules and norms of the world, are rejected by the circle of Society. Society allows those who fit comfortably into its circle, obeys the regulations it creates and follows what everyone else in the group does. Being outside this circle made by Society is not only a challenge, it has become nearly impossible to do so all these years. As time passes by, society narrows its thoughts even more, and the space of the group descends with time, and those outside the circle, are the ones who remain isolated. In J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and Albert Camus’ The Stranger, the protagonists, Holden and Mersault chose not to follow what society had destined for them, and followed their own route. When this route betrays them, and society pushes them into further isolation and despair, they realize the importance of being accepted in the circle of society. I would like to explore as to what extent society can really be blamed for isolating these characters, and whether it is society’s fault or the individual who suffers in adjusting with the way the world works, and to reflect upon the conflict between the individual and society. Isolation is the state of being alone and not being surrounded by anybody. In a world consisting of six billion human beings, it is impossible for someone to spend their life devoid of people around them. Someone could be sitting all alone in an empty room, and yet not enjoy loneliness and isolation, and there could be someone struggling with millions of people around him, and yet could suffer an isolated life. Such is the rule of isolation. Physical detachment does not define isolation, as the isolated are detached from the three main functions of a human being: the heart, the mind and the soul. Isolation brings along sorrow to some beings and relief to others. Nobody can define isolation as either a positive or a negative feeling, as there are some who frantically pursue isolation and some who rapidly veer away from it. It is as good or as bad as not accepting the norms of the world, not following the tide that the others create and not feeling comfortable in other people’s comfort. It is about the desire to create something that stands out of everything, yet something that stands completely true to the person itself. The troubled souls are those who isolate themselves from their problems, the circumstances and the attached sorrow that comes with it. They conveniently decide not to embrace reality and delve into fantasy and illusion in pursuit of happiness, acceptance and satisfaction. Some people enjoy embracing other people, combining themselves with their pain, celebrating their sorrows with other people around them and slowly fanning their untouched insecurities and inner fears and surrounding themselves with as many people possible. Whether or not, either way cannot be termed right in its approach, as it destroys and disrupts the usual way of living as manifested by a stronger power called God. Anything done in extremity or out of necessity or forcefulness will disrupt the usual way of living. The stronger power called God wants everyone to live life according to the wide boundaries he has set. Society wishes everyone to live according to the narrow boundaries it has set. Society diminishes natural boundaries by a great distance, and humans are supposed to live and die in that cubicle. The protagonists in ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ and ‘The Stanger’, being Holden Caulfield and Mersault respectively, have chosen to cross those boundaries by a great distance, and thus, have isolated themselves from the world. In J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, the protagonist Holden Caulfield is a lonely teenager studying at a prestigious school in the United States of America, and it is his hesitance of accepting the fact that children eventually grow up and with time, and that immaturity leads to maturity, which pushes him into isolation. He isolates himself from the world of adults and primarily remembers them for their negative qualities. While indulging in conversation with adults, he constantly seems to digress away from the topic or veer into talking about irrelevant and unimportant details about them, and this proves the disinterest that lies within him for the older generation. His attachment with people who aren’t with him anymore also states the fact that he values what is lost and doesn’t pay much importance to what he actually possesses. His insecurity is proven by his obsession for constant movement and not settling down in a certain fixed place. He also wishes ho w he could sync fantasy and reality together, and detach himself from the usual norms of society. It is his obstinacy to embrace the absurdity of reality and dreams of a living life as a recluse. Whereas, in Albert Camus’s The Stranger, the protagonist Mersault is an existential and isolated character who is affected by none of his surroundings, however extreme they may be, and doesn’t wish to delve into thoughts or express his opinions for any reason. He merely suffices everything with slight nods and mono syllabic responses and thus, can be termed impassive Humans mostly function carelessly to the meaninglessness and absurdity of their condition. To the contrary, sometimes, some people go through an awakening and realization that life is purposeless. At extreme circumstances like his own mother’s death, Mersault is expected to react with awe and grief, but he remains unaffected by it. On his professional front, when he is offered a job in Paris, he refuses to change locations as he doesn’t care about where he works, and this also proves that not only is he a recluse, but also apathetic and remains quiet and content with what he possesses. The people and characters around him do not penetrate his consciousness, even though one of them expresses her love for him, it still remains unaffected. Once he is sent to jail, he relies on prison interrogations for human contact, and this clearly portrays the isolation that has been lying within him all throughout his life. The Protagonist’s Individual Isolation The difference in the isolation and solitude that Holden Caulfield and Mersault possess is that Holden yearns to escape reality and venture into fantasy, whereas Mersault is satisfied with the absurdity of life and remains isolated firmly with his own existence, refusing to get affected by anything or anyone, and I would like to argue that as stated by Eric Lomazoff that â€Å"Caulfield’s self-destruction over a period of days forces one to contemplate societys attitude toward the human condition. Salingers portrayal of Holden, which includes incidents of depression, nervous breakdown, impulsive spending, sexual exploration, vulgarity, and other erratic behavior, have all attributed to the controversial nature of the novel† I infer that though society has it’s harsh ways of surviving and people have their unusual way of living in society, and it is indeed society and the people in it that Caulfield is escaping from, Caulfield is adamant not to give into the norms of society and conform to its rules, and thus has been isolated and been pushed towards disillusionment. Society does not make an attempt to let Holden redeem its faith in the people and their behavior around him, and gradually, he is pushed further away from the regular norms of living. I would like to argue that it is not completely ‘society’s attitude towards human condition’ that allows him to slip into his state of insanity, but his hesitance and fear of conforming to the way the cruel society works, and as renowned existentialist Jean Paul Sartre states â€Å"The absurd man will not commit suicide; he wants to live, without relinquishing any of his certainty, without a future, without hope, without illusions and without resignation either. He stares at death with passionate attention and this fascination liberates him. He experiences the divine irresponsibility of the condemned man.† I would also like to infer with provided evidence that I agree with his statement, and it aptly defines the character of Mersault and the isolation and loneliness he is suffering, and how it is not entirely the society that pushes him into solitude, but his attitude towards himself and the style of life he wishes to embrace is also the key factor for his loneliness. Society and its relationship with the Protagonists As stated by Wikipedia, A society or a human society is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations such as social status, roles and social networks. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals sharing a distinctive culture and institutions. Without an article, the term refers either to the entirety of humanity or a contextually specific subset. Society includes all kinds of people. People you wish to meet, people you not wish to meet and people you wish you never meet again. But such is society, and people who do not conform to the norms are the ones who are isolated, segregated and separated from those who follow these norms. Holden claims not to be fond of The Holy Bible, even though he is fond of Jesus, despite terming himself as an atheist. If we study the Bible, it states that Stagnant Society in Anthem EssayFor the first time in years, I had this stupid urge to cry, because I could feel how much all these people hated me. This is the first time Mersault cries and shows sign of remorse and sorrow, at the expense of society around him. He spoke nothing but the truth during the trial, and kept getting crucified for whatever he said, and couldn’t please anyone including the Magistrate. This shows how a man can not only survive but live fruitfully if he pleases the people around him, if he contradicts the bitter truth and sweetly wraps it under the section of law. His first sign of remorse shows his defeat to society’s persistence for following its rules and living like a member of society. Symbols and Metaphors for Isolation The Catcher in the Rye has various symbols and metaphors used by J.D Salinger to bring out the isolation within Holden. His fascination as to where do the ducks disappear during winter at Central Park portrays his extreme imagination, and how his thoughts don’t stay stationery, but rapidly move from one place to another. It could be his desire to be a duck himself, and maybe discover the way of reappearing during summers and disappearing during winters. The summer is when the weather is pleasant, the sun shines bright and symbolizes the days of joy and enjoyment, and winter symbolizes pain and the loss of innocence, akin to the loss of leaves at autumn and the maturity that the plants, trees and the environment absorbs during that time. It is as if he yearns to find out the place where the ducks fly away to, so that during the time of gaining maturity, he could also fly away like them. Holden’s favorite hunting Hat that he buys from New York the day he loses the foils at a metro station can be pictured as his device of independence that he carries along with him. Independence is co related with Isolation. Sometimes, the isolated wish to embrace self pity and conform to the norms of the world around them, but Holden wishes to make a statement of independence and change, and wears a hat which symbolizes uniqueness and the color of which matches his dead brother’s hair. This could be a way of lingering onto memories, but also a way of isolating his kind of people with the help of wearing this hat. This can be proven, when in the end, Holden gives away the hat to Phoebe and she wears it, and it’s as if its Holden’s reassurance of the fact that Phoebe would not grow up like a regular adult, or in fact, not grow into maturity at all. The vulgar graffiti signs on Phoebe’s school walls and the National Museum and his reaction to them are a deep insight into his isolation from the younger generation of society. As he went to the same school as Phoebe and has visited the museum numerous times, he holds a special attachment for both the places, as they are also reminiscent of his childhood. His childhood and the days of growing up hold a special place in his heart as he resents growing up as an adult. He feels that people are destroying his childhood in a way, and also the curious children who might get influenced by it, and grow up as corrupt adults. His extreme hatred for the people vandalizing the beauty of childhood is also what isolates him further from society. Society ignores these people as it has much important tasks to complete, and leaves out the little things that matter. This angers Holden and he cannot place himself in the same circle as society. In The Stranger, After Mersault is accused of murder and finally ready for execution, he is forced to meet the chaplain, who despite repeated rejections, still insisted on meeting Mersault. Mersault ponders over his life in a fit of rage, and is angered by the chaplain. He thought about his mother after a very long time, and acknowledged why she fell in love with Thomas Parez. It was because at the brink of her life, among souls ready for departure, she thought of giving life a new chance, a chance that is usually given during the young and zestful days. â€Å" As if this great outburst of anger had purged all my ills, killed all my hopes, I looked up at the mass of signs and stars in the night sky and laid myself open for the first time to the benign indifference of the world. And finding it so much like myself† This statement by Mersault just before his execution portrays his defeat against society. The battle against the absurdity of life and the battle where he finally accepts that the world around him is similar to what he is now, as society has gradually acclimatized him over the period of his life, and has made him identical to the way it functions. Society has proven that severe isolation from itself for a long period of time will lead to nothing but defeat. Mersault realizes that the world is indifferent to all its human beings, and life stands to be meaningless, as everyone will eventually experience death. The fact that everyone is walking towards death and decay makes everyone as meaningless and purposeless as each other, and after death, the person loses its importance in the world. Even though he claims to be content and satisfied in the end, it is because in a way it seems society has allowed him in its circle, and given him solace. With the helping hand of society, Mersault ex periences false contentment, maybe because he finally recognizes himself is no longer a stranger to him. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff— I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where they’re going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That’s all I’d do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden, while talking to his sister Phoebe, expresses his innermost desire. A desire which seems to be vital in the current state he is in, and a desire that he secretly dreams about. Holden’s fantasy was to hitchhike his way to the West, where it would be much more beautiful and peaceful a place than he has ever lived, and wanted to settle down there. He wishes he could get a job somewhere, a place where he could walk unrecognized and where he could recognize nobody. He wanted to pretend as a deaf-mute, in order to avoid conversation with anyone around him, particularly adults, who might start phony conversations as he fills the gas up in their car. He wanted to prevent all ways of interaction and conversation from the world around him and live the rest of his life as a recluse. His innermost desire is to escape the absurdity and the corruption that society possesses and sneak into the paranormal world of fantasy. To be a catcher in the rye is symbo lic of when little innocent children play in the rye, without the prying eyes of society and without the knowledge of the world ahead of them, and the task of the catcher is to stop them from falling and hurting themselves, which is metaphoric of how Holden would catch the children from losing their innocence, hurting themselves and gradually turning into phony adults. He yearns that he could just catch them all day, immersing himself in their laughter, their tears and their innocence, and clean the world from its maturity. The dream is certainly extreme in its thinking, and the reader could sense the instability that Caulfield is experiencing to experience such thoughts. Conclusion I would like to infer that the conflict between an individual and society has been taking place for many years. Many of them become martyrs and live life without any pattern or without conforming to the narrow minded rules of the world. It is difficult to assume as to who is victorious in the end, whether it is society or the protagonists. It is also a battle between absolute truth and society’s tinted statements. Society will isolate those who do not conform its rules, and if the isolated are strong enough, they could live life their own way, and die as martyrs, but as Albert Camus comments about Mersault, he calls him not a reject, but a â€Å"poor and naked man, in love with a sun which leaves no shadows† and someone â€Å"without any heroic pretensions, agrees to die for the truth†, whereas Holden spends his life clinging and lingering onto the notion that basic yet the most beautiful values of life like love, kindness and innocence are the key to a fulfillin g and satisfying life, we do not know whether he succeeds in proving that to society and the world around him, as he quietly goes back home, instead of leaving his home.